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Louisiana Football Official's Manual
Revised 2001
INTRODUCTION
Officials should maintain a professional
attitude from the time they assume responsibility for the game until the end
of the contest. It is important that officials not only know the rules,
but that they communicate with the players and coaches in all matters
pertaining to the game. Taunting and baiting opponents, as well as
displays, which demean the image of the game, should never be tolerated and
should be penalized as provided in the rules. Officials must set an
example for players and coaches by treating them with courtesy and respect at
all times. Never use profanity or inappropriate language or gestures.
Proper conduct is always important. Officials must have a football
sense, which complements the technical application of the rules so that the
game goes smoothly. Officials are expected to exercise good judgment in
applying the rules. There is no substitute for hard work, hustle and a
sense for being in good position. Players who have practiced long hours
deserve competent officials who have a complete understanding of the letter,
as well as the spirit, of the rules and administer them consistently and
fairly. There is nothing here that hasn’t been said in one way or
another in previous years. We must all get involved in the game and do
everything we can to protect the value and integrity of the game.
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II. BEFORE ARRIVAL AT GAME SITE
A. Alcoholic Beverages/Drugs
No alcoholic beverages or drugs that may
hinder physical or mental capacity shall be consumed the day of the game.
This means any game, be it Varsity, Jr. Varsity, Jr. High, Middle
School, or Playground. Purchasing alcoholic beverages or even entering
an establishment that serves such beverages must never be done while wearing
a recognizable officials’ uniform.
B. Departure for Game
All officials should be on time at the
designated departure location. The designated departure time is the
DEPARTURE time, and all crewmembers should arrive at the designated location
at least five (5) minutes prior to departure time. If an official
arrives late at the designated location and misses the rest of the crew,
that official is responsible to get to the game site in time for the
pre-game conference.
C. Proper Uniform
The proper uniform will be worn at all
times. This includes white knickers with a short overlap below the
knee (not more than 4 inches), black and white vertically striped shirt
(short or long sleeves as designated by the Referee) with the “Louisiana
Official” patch on the left side over the pocket. All officials in a
given game shall wear the same type shirt. A black baseball cap with
white piping shall be worn by all officials, except the Referee. For
purposes of identification, the Referee shall wear a solid white baseball
cap. Fitted caps are recommended over the adjustable
“one-size-fits-all” style. One piece sock/legging with modified
Northwestern (NCAA) stripes are mandatory. The white above the heel of
a low-cut shoe should extend from 3 to 5 inches. The width of the
black showing below the knickers should be the same as the wide black band
below the striping pattern. Solid black football shoes with black
laces are required. If an undershirt is worn, it must be black or be
of the type which does not show at the collar of the outer shirt. A
black belt 1-1/4 to 2 inches wide with a plain buckle shall be worn.
No large or personalized buckles are to be worn. Essential equipment
includes a whistle, penalty marker, white bean bag, game card, pencil and
some devise ( such as rubber bands) to keep track of downs. The
penalty marker shall be a light gold flag (15” X 15”) weighted with
sand, beans, shot, etc. The Linesman shall furnish a clipping devise
for use in measuring first downs. A finger whistle is recommended over
the lanyard type, especially for newer officials. Jackets are
permitted, but if they will be worn during the game, they shall have black
and white vertical stripes. Shoes should be shined before each game.
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III. AFTER ARRIVAL AT GAME SITE
A. Pre-game Conference
The crew shall allow themselves enough travel time to arrive
at the game site approximately sixty (60) minutes before game time. Upon
arrival at the field, the crew will gather for the pre-game conference.
The pre-game conference is conducted by the Referee, and all officials including
the Clock Operator, will attend this conference. An optional
officials’ pre-game conference checklist is shown at Appendix I.
B. Clock Operator
The Clock Operator will become familiar
with the operation of the game clock. The operation of the game clock shall be thoroughly
checked and, if there are any problems, they shall be reported immediately to the Referee.
The Clock Operator shall have a back-up timing devise (countdown timer) suitable for
timing the game should the game clock become inoperative.
C. Individual Official’s Pre-game Duties
After the pre-game conference with the
coaches, the crew shall complete their pre-game responsibilities. For all
district and playoff games, the Referee and the Umpire will conduct the
pre-game conferences with the two Head Coaches (home team coach first).
For all non-district games, the entire crew, including the clock operator,
will attend the pre-game conference. ONLY THE REFEREE will do the
talking or the Umpire when asked by the Referee. An optional
coach pre-game conference checklist is shown in Appendix II. After
the conferences, the Referee should secure and approve the game balls,
inspect the playing field and pylons, and order the removal of any hazards
on or near the field. The Umpire should check player equipment and
rule on any questions concerning the legality of player equipment.
The Linesman should secure and check the line-to-gain equipment and review
with the chain crew members their duties and responsibilities. It is
important that the Linesman emphasize the fact that they are members of
the officiating crew, and, as such, they must refrain from “cheering and
coaching.” In a 4-man crew, the Line Judge should carry an
accurate watch, and assist in getting the game started on time. In a
5-man crew, the Back Judge has the responsibility for securing the correct
time, carrying an accurate watch, and assisting in getting the game
started on time. The Back Judge and Line Judge should instruct the
people responsible for handling the game balls for each team.
Prior
to the scheduled coin toss, the Line Judge will locate the Home Team and
stay with that team. At the appropriate time, the Line Judge will
notify the Head Coach that it is time to bring the team to the sideline.
The Line Judge will escort the Home Team to their team box area for the
toss. The Back Judge will perform the same duties for the Home Team
when a five man crew is used. The Linesman will perform the same
duties for the Visiting Team in both the four and five man crews. |
IV. COIN TOSS
The Referee, Line Judge and Back Judge(in a 5-man crew) will
enter from the home team fifty (50) yard line with the home team Captains
bracketed between them. The Referee is to the right side of the formation, and
the Captains are to the left side of the Referee. From the visitors side,
the Umpire and Linesman line up in similar fashion with the visiting team
Captains bracketed between them. The Linesman will line up to enter the
field directly across from the Referee. The Linesman and Line Judge(Back
Judge in a 5-man crew), will bring a game ball from their respective sideline.
At midfield, the Umpire will introduce the visiting Captains to the Referee and
remain there to witness the Referee’s instructions to the Captains. The
other officials will stop at the inbound lines on their respective sides of the
field and monitor player activity in the team box areas. All officials
will record the results of the coin toss and the Captains’ decisions.
The Back Judge or Line Judge will retain the kicking team’s ball for the
kickoff. During the playing of the National Anthem, all officials will
stand at attention, facing the flag, cap held by the right hand over the left
chest. If no flag is present, officials will face the music source.
The proper officiating positions at the toss are illustrated
here. |
Coin Toss Images |
V. FREE KICK RESPONSIBILITIES
A. Referee
Four and Five Man Crew
The Referee will, prior to the kick, take a position near
Team R’s goal to 10 yard line, (depending on conditions but at least as
deep as the deepest receiver) on the press box side of the field, opposite
the Linesman. The Referee will count the receiving team players. The
Referee shall stand erect while waiting for alignment of the teams; have
bean bag ready; and be prepared to acknowledge ready signals by fellow
crewmembers. The Referee should be aware of the goal line on deep
kicks; watch for illegal blocks, clips, forward handing, etc. The
Referee should be ready to move to the middle of the field should play flow
in that direction. If the runner breaks up field, the Referee should
take him to the vicinity of the Line Judge (4-man crew) or Umpire (5-man
crew), release him then cover action behind the runner.
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B. Umpire
Four Man Crew
The Umpire will set up the kicking team to kick
off from the appropriate yard line. The Umpire shall count the kicking team and never
allow the kickoff to proceed without the proper number of players. The Umpire shall point
out the position of the Referee to the kicker and explain kicking procedures to him; make
eye contact with the Line Judge when ready; and both officials are to leave the field
concurrently. The Umpire will exit the field by jogging to a position on the kicker’s
restraining line opposite the press box; have bean bag in hand; and signal the Referee
when ready. He should be alert for encroachment by Team K players; short kicks;
"onside kicks"; and mark the spot of first touching. At the kick, the
Umpire’s initial responsibility is action on the kicker and the kicking team players
nearest his sideline. If the kick goes out of bounds in the Umpire’s area, not last
touched by Team R, he should go to the spot, mark it and then throw his penalty flag. He
should look for any illegal blocks. The Umpire is responsible for the sideline from
approximately the fifty yard line to the goal line of the kicking team. If the runner
scores, he should give the touchdown signal.
Five Man Crew
The Umpire will be positioned at Team R’s
30-35 yard line on the press box side of the field. At the kick, the Umpire’s initial
responsibility is the action on or by the kicking team players nearest his side line. If
the runner breaks long, he will assume responsibility for action on the runner when the
runner enters his area and has coverage until approximately midfield where the Line Judge
assumes coverage of the runner and the Umpire will then observe action behind the ball
carrier. |
C. Linesman
Four Man Crew
The Linesman will be positioned on the 10-15
yard line approximately ten yards from the sideline opposite the press box side of the
field with bean bag in hand. He is responsible for counting the receiving team. If a kick
goes out of bounds in the Lineman’s area, not last touched by Team R, he should go to
the spot, mark it, then throw the penalty flag. On runbacks, the Linesman should look for
any illegal blocks. If the runner breaks long, he has coverage of the runner until
approximately midfield where the Umpire assumes coverage of the runner, and the Linesman
then observes action behind the ball carrier.
Five Man Crew
The Linesman should mirror the Referee’s
positioning on the opposite side of the field and 5 to 10 yards in advance of the Referee.
He should count the receiving team and have his bean bag in hand. The Linesman should be
aware of the goal line on deep kicks to his side of the field. On a kick to his side, the
Linesman will take the runner to the Back Judge’s area before releasing him and pick
up action behind the runner at that point. On a kick to the opposite side of the field,
the Linesman should watch for action away from and behind the runner as the play advances. |
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D. Line Judge
Four Man Crew
The Line Judge will assume a position at the
center of the field on Team R’s free kick line and align the receiving team. This
shall be done after every score and again when a penalty moves the respective restraining
lines. He should count the receiving team and never allow the kickoff to proceed without
the proper number of players. The Line Judge should make eye contact with the Umpire and
when both are ready, they shall leave the field of play concurrently. The Line judge will
then move to a position slightly off the field at the intersection of R’s free kick
line and the sideline on the press box side of the field. When in position, with bean bag
in hand, the Line Judge will signal to the Referee when ready. He should be alert for
encroachment by Team R players, short kicks, or "onside kicks", and the spot of
first touching. At the kick, initial responsibility is action on and by the kicking team
players nearest his sideline. If the kick goes out of bounds in his area, not last touched
by Team R, he should go to the spot, mark it, and then throw his penalty flag. If a long
run occurs, take the runner from the deep official at the 35-40 yard line, and have
sideline coverage to the goal line. Look for illegal blocks.
Five Man Crew
Same as 4-man crew, except if a long runback
occurs, take the runner from the Umpire at about the 50 yard line and have coverage to the
goal line. |
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E. Back Judge
The Back Judge will set up the kicking team to kick from the
appropriate yard line. He should count the kicking team and never allow the kickoff to
proceed without the proper number of players. The Back Judge should point out the position
of the Referee to the kicker and explain the kicking procedures to him. Make eye contact
with the Line Judge and when both are ready, both officials are to leave the field
concurrently. Exit the field by jogging to a position on the kicker’s restraining
line opposite the press box. He should have bean bag in hand and signal the Referee when
ready. The Back Judge should be alert for encroachment by Team K players; short kicks or
"onside kicks"; and mark the spot of first touching. At the kick, his initial
responsibility is action on the kicker and the kicking team players nearest his sideline.
If the kick, not last touched by Team R, goes out of bounds in the Back Judge’s area,
he should go to the spot, mark it, and then throw his penalty flag. Look for any illegal
blocks. The Back Judge is responsible for the sideline from approximately the 50 yard line
to the goal line. If the runner scores, he should give the touchdown signal. |
| The proper officiating positions on a
standard free kick are illustrated here: |
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Four Man Free Kick Images
Five Man Free Kick Images
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F. Anticipated Short Free Kick
Four Man Crew
When the situation arises that an
on-sides kick is likely, the Linesman will move to a position slightly off the field at
the intersection of Team R’s free kick line and the sideline opposite the Line Judge.
The Referee should move to a position at the center of the field behind the receiving
team. The Umpire and Line Judge assume positions and duties as per standard four man free
kick mechanics.
Five Man Crew
When the situation arises that an on-sides kick
is likely, the Linesman will move to a position slightly off the field at the intersection
of Team R’s free kick line and the sideline opposite the Line Judge. The Umpire
should move to set up the kicking team. After setting up the kicking team and when the
Referee gives the "Ready For Play" signal, the Umpire shall orally tell the
kicker to kickoff . The Umpire will then move to a position about 5 yards behind the
kicker and remain there until the ball is kicked. The Back Judge will position himself at
the intersection of team K’s free kick line and sideline. The Referee should move to
a position at the center of the field behind the receiving team. |
VI. PLAY RESPONSIBILITIES
A.
Referee
General. The Referee will make sure
of the down, checking with the Linesman. The Referee has the 25 second clock in a 4-man
crew (Back Judge has the 25 second clock in a 5-man crew). The Referee shall consistently
mark the ball ready for play with the same cadence throughout the game without any extra
delay merely for substitutes coming in or going out unless a special delay is mandated by
rule such as for the Try or after an unexpected change of team possession. In the latter
instance, the additional delay should only be momentary. The Referee should notify the
head coach when his team has used its last timeout and should remind the wing official to
notify the head coach of timeouts remaining on all other charged time outs. Count the
offensive team players along with the Umpire, and signal each other with a "clenched
fist" when 11 or less are counted. Stand ERECT or get in a hand-on-knee position. DO
NOT SLOUCH. The Referee should use his discretion, based on game situations and
conditions, as to where he is initially positioned. Generally, it is recommended that he
position himself on the wide side of the field. On obvious passing downs or when the snap
is at the center of the field, the Referee can locate on the passing arm side of the
quarterback. Be in position to see the snap of the ball from the snapper to the
quarterback and do not move too quickly to the play.
Running Plays. The Referee’s primary
responsibility is the football until it is beyond the line of scrimmage, then to cover the
action behind the runner. On short gains, the Referee should assist in getting the ball
ready for play. See the ball twice before blowing the whistle.
Passing Plays. On passing downs, as the passer
retreats, stay outside of and deeper than the passer. After the pass is thrown, continue
to observe action around the passer. Determine whether the pass is forward or backward.
The Referee is generally the sole judge for intentional grounding unless he is blocked out
of the play. Passing Plays. On passing downs, as the passer
retreats, stay outside of and deeper than the passer. After the pass is thrown, continue
to observe action around the passer. Determine whether the pass is forward or backward.
The Referee is generally the sole judge for intentional grounding unless he is blocked out
of the play. |
B. Umpire
General.
The Umpire should take a
position from 5 to 7 yards deep on the Team B side of the line of scrimmage. Count the
offensive team players along with the Referee and signal each other with a clenched fist
when 11 or less are counted. He should not get into a set pattern but vary his position
from side to side so that the offensive players do not use him as a blocker. Check the
numbers of the offensive linemen, making sure that there are at least five players
numbered 50 through 79. He should be alert for interference with the snap, false starts,
encroachment, and disconcerting signals by Team B players.
Running Plays. Look for holding, chop blocks and
any other illegal blocks. Key on the point of attack if it is between the ends. If the
play is wide, move slowly in that direction and observe any action behind the runner. Take
the forward progress spot from the wingman at the completion of the play. Look for holding, chop blocks and
any other illegal blocks. Key on the point of attack if it is between the ends. If the
play is wide, move slowly in that direction and observe any action behind the runner. Take
the forward progress spot from the wingman at the completion of the play.
Passing Plays. When the Umpire reads pass play
by watching the offensive line pass blocking, he must get to the line of scrimmage as soon
as possible, looking for holding or other illegal blocks. He must determine if the pass
crosses the line of scrimmage. If the passer crosses the line of scrimmage and then throws
a forward pass, the Umpire will drop his penalty flag at the yard line where the pass was
released. The Umpire must also assist the Referee in determining whether the pass was
tipped by a Team B player in or behind the neutral zone. Once the pass has been released,
he should turn quickly to assist the wingmen in determining if there is a reception,
interception, or an incompletion as they could be blocked out if the pass was thrown over
the middle. On deep passes, he should maintain observation of line play.
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C. Linesman and Line Judge
General.
The Linesman and Line Judge
should be positioned 9 to 10 yards outside the player nearest them on their respective
sides of the field, and they must always be alert to make sure no one is behind them at
the snap by glancing over their shoulder. Stand ERECT and be in a ready position. Never
slouch or use "hands on hips" stance. The Linesman and Line Judge should count
the defensive players in a 4-man crew, and signal each other with a clenched fist when 11
or less are counted. In a 5-man crew, the Line Judge and Back Judge will signal each other
when 11 or less are counted. Note numbers of eligible pass receivers. Use hand to
backfield signal when the closest offensive player is off the line. This signal should be
held until the snap or until acknowledged (unless the player moves up to a position on the
line or goes in motion). In any case, this signal should be held at least long enough to
be seen by all other officials. Both wingmen should count the players on the offensive
line. The Linesman and Line Judge should extend his arm across his chest to indicate more
than three linemen on his side of the snapper. This signal should be held until
acknowledged by the opposite wingman. Check positioning of the wingbacks, slot backs and
split ends. Be alert for encroachment by either team. Work on killing the play immediately
when encroachment or false starts occur. The wingman is responsible for the back in motion
going away from him, and he retains that responsibility even if the motion man stops and
returns toward him.
In addition, the Linesman has the responsibility for the
conduct of the line-to-gain and down marker crew, and the primary responsibility for
counting downs. All officials, however, are responsible for maintaining the correct down
count. Procedures should be established by each Association for the communication of and
agreement to the down count by all field officials. The Linesman after each down, shall
establish eye contact with the Referee to receive the signal for the next down. The
Linesman should echo verbally and also indicate the next down with the appropriate hand
signal. Only change the down marker or move the chains for a first down when the Referee
signals. For all first downs, the Linesman must go to the sideline to mark the spot with
his foot for the line to gain crew. When the goal line is the line to gain, only the down
marker will be used to mark the spot of the ball. The chain will be removed from the
sideline.
Running Plays. If the play is wide to either
side, the wingman should allow the play to develop in front of him—DO NOT GET CAUGHT
INSIDE. If the play is near the sideline, he should get outside the sideline and officiate
from outside-in. If the play is away from him, the wingman should pick up action behind
the Referee and Umpire. Once the runner is down is his area, the wingman should get an
accurate forward progress spot and hold it until the Umpire acknowledges it. Remember to
square off the field in getting the spot; do not pinch in too closely. Use the up-field
foot to give the spot. When the ball is dead inbounds near the sideline, give a winding
signal to indicate the clock is to continue running. If the ball goes out of bounds, hold
the out of bounds spot while the Referee, in a 4-man crew, retrieves the ball. The Back
Judge retrieves the ball in a 5-man crew. If a first down is obvious, the covering wingman
should stop the clock; if close, wait for the Referee to rule.
Passing Plays. The Linesman and Line Judge
should be aware of eligible receivers. Each wingman is responsible for ruling on (forward
or backward) quick sideline passes thrown to his side. In a 4-man crew, the wingmen are
responsible for their respective sidelines, the goal line, and the end line. In a 5-man
crew, the wingmen are responsible for their respective sidelines to the endline. If there
are two wideouts on the same end of the line of scrimmage, the wingman on that side is
initially responsible for the outside man. On a completion, square off to get accurate
forward progress. If a first down is obvious, the covering wingman should stop the clock;
if close, wait for the Referee to rule. Passing Plays. The Linesman and Line Judge
should be aware of eligible receivers. Each wingman is responsible for ruling on (forward
or backward) quick sideline passes thrown to his side. In a 4-man crew, the wingmen are
responsible for their respective sidelines, the goal line, and the end line. In a 5-man
crew, the wingmen are responsible for their respective sidelines to the endline. If there
are two wideouts on the same end of the line of scrimmage, the wingman on that side is
initially responsible for the outside man. On a completion, square off to get accurate
forward progress. If a first down is obvious, the covering wingman should stop the clock;
if close, wait for the Referee to rule. Passing Plays. The Linesman and Line Judge
should be aware of eligible receivers. Each wingman is responsible for ruling on (forward
or backward) quick sideline passes thrown to his side. In a 4-man crew, the wingmen are
responsible for their respective sidelines, the goal line, and the end line. In a 5-man
crew, the wingmen are responsible for their respective sidelines to the endline. If there
are two wideouts on the same end of the line of scrimmage, the wingman on that side is
initially responsible for the outside man. On a completion, square off to get accurate
forward progress. If a first down is obvious, the covering wingman should stop the clock;
if close, wait for the Referee to rule. |
D. Back Judge
General.
The Back Judge shall be
positioned 15 to 20 yards deep on the defensive side of the ball or deeper than the
deepest defensive back. Count the defensive players along with the Line Judge and signal
each other with a clenched fist when 11 or less are counted. The Back judge is responsible
for keeping the 25-second count and raising his hand overhead with 10 seconds remaining.
Be alert for incoming substitutions, check the game clock, assist in relaying the ball
from the sideline and relaying messages to the sideline and wing officials. The Back Judge
should work from the inside-out. He should always check the numbers of the eligible
receivers and the numbers of the players inside the eligible receivers when possible. He
must see the wing man’s signal so as to know who is on or off the line. The sidelines
belong to the wingmen and the goal line belongs to the Back Judge. On snaps on or inside
the 10 yard line, the Back Judge will line up on the end line and the goal line then
belongs to the wing officials.
Running Plays. Be alert for crack-back
blocks and clips coming across the middle behind the Umpire. On plays that carry out of
bounds, the Back Judge should cover the action around and in front of the runner. He
should retrieve the football since the covering wingman will be watching the player action
out of bounds, but the Back Judge should also be alert for illegal activity out of bounds.
Passing Plays. The Back Judge is
responsible for initial contact on receivers moving off the line, coverage of the deepest
receivers, action behind the Umpire, and the goal line and end line depending on the
location of the yard line snap. On plays originating outside the 10 yard line, the Back
Judge should be on the goal line before any ball carrier crosses it. He should always be
aware that he is officiating from the inside-out. The Back Judge should make eye contact
with wing officials on side line plays if control of the ball is questionable or if the
pass in the middle of the field is in front of him. He must know where the receivers are
and never let a receiver get behind him.
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| The proper officiating positions for
scrimmage plays are illustrated here. |
Scrimmage Play Images |
VII. SCRIMMAGE KICK (PUNT) RESPONSIBILITIES
A. Referee
The Referee is positioned 2-3 yards in advance
of the kicker and at least 5-7 yards wide. In a four man crew, he should be on the Line
Judge’s side of the field. Be alert for action on and around the kicker, then clean
up behind the kick action while drifting down field, opposite the side of the Umpire. On a
kick out of bounds in flight, line up the covering official by using a raised arm to
signal where the ball crossed the side line.
B. Umpire
The Umpire should favor the Line Judge’s
side of the field but still be in position to rule on any contact with the snapper. When
the offensive team is in a scrimmage kick formation, they are exempt from the 50-79
numbering requirement, but the Umpire must note other numbers in case a forward pass is
thrown. He must assist the Referee in determining if the ball was tipped in or behind the
neutral zone. After the kick has crossed the neutral zone, turn and observe any action as
the players go downfield to cover the kick. After the ball becomes dead, be on the
appropriate yard line to spot the ball. If the kick is blocked and picked up by a member
of the receiving team, the Umpire must follow the play and cover action around and behind
the runner.
C. Linesman
The Linesman’s position and pre-snap
responsibilities are the same as for any scrimmage play. He should be alert for a blocked
kick and, if this occurs, move into the backfield to assist the Referee. The Linesman
along with the Line Judge is responsible for determining if the kicked ball has crossed
the neutral zone. After the kick crosses the neutral zone, he should proceed down field
observing action in front of the receiver/runner and assuming coverage of the runner if he
comes to his sideline. The Linesman is responsible for his sideline. Take direction from
the Referee is spotting a ball kicked out of bounds. When the runner is downed in the
Linesman’s zone, he should accurately spot forward progress and hold this spot until
the Umpire arrives to accept the spot. Relay information to the Umpire and/or the Referee
as to the results of the kick play. Watch for the Referee to signal first down and go to
the sideline to set up the line-to-gain markers.
D. Line Judge
Four Man Crew
The Line Judge’s normal position is 3 to 4
yards in front of and 5 to 7 yards outside the deepest receivers on his side of the field.
He should have his bean bag in hand and count the receiving team players. The Line
Judge’s area of coverage is from the middle of the field to the press box sideline.
He should be alert for fair catch signals and any action on the receiver. If the kick is
angled toward the press box sideline, he must work with the Referee in locating the
out-of-bounds spot. If the runner goes toward the Linesman’s side of the field, the
Line Judge will take him to the far side zone and release his to the Linesman. If the
runner breaks toward the press box sideline, the Line Judge will have coverage all the way
to the goal line. He should be alert for illegal blocks on the runback. He needs to
be
especially alert for muffed kicks and spots of first touching, and remember to mark the
spot of first touching, spot of a fumble and the out of bounds if any of these occur.
Five Man Crew
From his normal position on the scrimmage line,
the Line Judge should be alert for a blocked kick and assist the Referee in the backfield.
He should release on the snap and move downfield. The Line Judge is
responsible for his
side from the neutral zone to the end zone and for coverage of the deep receivers. He
should officiate in front of the receiver/runner until the runner comes into the Line
Judge’s zone. The Line Judge will then have primary responsibility for the runner as
well as sideline coverage all the way to the goal line. He should be alert for illegal
blocks on the runback. If the kick is out of bounds toward the press box side, the Line
Judge will work with the Referee in spotting where the ball crossed the sideline.
E. Back Judge
The Back Judge’s position is on the
Lineman’s side of the field, outside of and slightly ahead of the deepest receiver
with bean bag ready. He is responsible for valid and invalid fair catch signals, and
ruling on a valid catch. Be alert for touching by Team R or Team K players. Be ready to
follow the ball if the receiver fails to field the kick cleanly. Cover action on and
against the runner until he enters the Linesman’s or Line Judge’s area. If the
kick is obviously to the Line Judge’s side zone, the Back Judge should cover the play
in front of the deepest receiver and behind the runner if the play is away from him. The
Line Judge will cover the receiver who has given a fair catch signal and does not touch
the ball and the Back Judge will cover action on and around the ball. Mark the spot of
first touching, fumble or out of bounds if one of these occur. Be alert for illegal
blocks, clips, kick catch interference, etc.
The proper officiating positions for scrimmage kicks for punts
are illustrated here.
Scrimmage Kick Images |
VIII. FIELD GOAL TRIES AND TRY FOR
POINT
A.
Referee
Four Man Crew
If the ball is snapped for a kick try or
field goal attempt from on or inside the 10 yard line, the Referee will
line up in position to move quickly behind the kicker to follow the flight
of the ball. The Referee will determine if the kick is successful or
unsuccessful. If the ball is snapped from outside the 10 yard line, the
Referee is responsible for action on the kicker and holder, and the Line
Judge will be responsible for determining if the kick is successful or
not. The Referee will rule on motion of backs within his line of vision.
He will watch for fumbles by the holder and be alert for a run or pass.
Signal "score" or "no score". If the try for point is
blocked, immediately sound whistle and give "no score" signal.
On a field goal attempt, if the kick is blocked, the play proceeds as any
other scrimmage kick.
Five Man Crew
If the ball is snapped for a kick try attempt
from on or inside the 10 yard line, the Referee will initially position himself directly
behind the center to preclude any snap before the ready for play is given since the Umpire
will be under the goal post along with the Back Judge. The Referee will then move into
position, give the "delayed" ready for play, and then observe action on the
kicker and holder after the snap. The Referee shall use preventative officiating
techniques by calling to defensive players to stay off the snapper and kicker/holder and
alerting the snapper to wait for the ready. If the ball is snapped from on or inside the
10 yard line for a field goal attempt, the referee will use normal cadence to declare the
"ready" but shall otherwise use normal preventative officiating techniques.
If the ball is snapped from outside the 10 yard line, the
Referee will assume his normal position and be ready to observe action on the kicker and
holder.
B. Umpire
In a five man crew, if the ball is snapped
from on or inside the 10 yard line, the umpire will position himself behind the opposite
goal post from the Back Judge and rule on the kick. He still must observe action at the
line immediately after the snap. Outside the 10 yard line or in a four man crew, the
Umpire should be positioned about 4 yards behind Team B’s line of
scrimmage, favoring
the Line Judge’s side of the field but still in position to observe any action on the
snapper. On a field goal attempt, if the kick is blocked, the play proceeds as any other
scrimmage kick. On a try for point, if the kick is blocked, the play is over.
C. Linesman
Four Man Crew
If the ball is snapped for a kick try or field
goal attempt from on or inside the 10 yard line, after the snap the Linesman is
responsible for action on the kicker and holder. If the ball is snapped from outside the
10 yard line, the Linesman will assume normal line of scrimmage responsibilities, but
after the ball is kicked, he should move toward the players on the line to prevent any
illegal action by the players on the line of scrimmage.
Five Man Crew
After the kick, the Linesman should move up
toward the players on the line of scrimmage to prevent any illegal actions on the line. If
the play results in a run or pass, he should quickly move downfield to the goal line.
D. Line Judge
Four Man Crew
If the ball is snapped from on or inside the 10
yard line, the Line Judge will line up in his normal position on the line of scrimmage. As
soon as he determines that Team K is in kick formation, he should move towards the goal
posts and he is responsible for determining if the ball crosses over the crossbar, if
asked by the Referee. Appropriate signals should be worked out between the Referee and
Line Judge at the pre-game conference. If the Referee asks for help from the Line Judge,
the Line Judge will know that the ball went between the uprights, and the Line Judge will
then make the call. If the ball is snapped from outside the 10 yard line, the Line Judge
will position himself under the goal post, and he is responsible for determining if the
kick is successful or unsuccessful. If the play results in a pass or run, the Line Judge
is responsible for his sideline and the end line.
Five Man Crew
If the ball is snapped from on or inside the 10
yard line, the Line Judge will remain at his normal position on the line of scrimmage. He
should be alert for plays that result in a pass or run. If the ball is snapped from
outside the 10 yard line, the Line Judge will take a position beyond the end line and
behind the upright on his side of the field. He will rule on whether the ball passes
inside the upright and over the crossbar. He should work in conjunction with the Back
Judge and both officials should give the appropriate signal after the kick. If the play
results in a pass or run, the Line Judge must quickly move to a position to cover his
sideline and goal line if necessary.
E. Back Judge
Take a position behind the upright on the
Linesman’s side of the field and rule on that upright and the crossbar. He should
work in conjunction with the Line Judge (or Umpire when the ball is kicked from on or
inside the 10 yard line) and both officials should give the appropriate signal after the
kick. If the play results in a pass or run instead of a kick, the Back Judge must cover
the end line, and provide additional assistance if the play goes to the Line Judge’s
side of the field.
On short attempts, the Back Judge and the Umpire, must observe
action at the line of scrimmage immediately after the snap.
The proper officiating positions for field
goal and try attempts from a scrimmage kick with a four man crew are illustrated here.
The proper officiating positions for field goal and
try attempts from a scrimmage kick with a five man crew are
illustrated here.
The proper officiating positions for field goal
attempts from a free kick following a fair catch or awarded fair
catch are illustrated here. |
IX. MEASUREMENT FOR FIRST DOWN
Normally, the Line Judge will stop the clock for a
first down since he is facing the chains during the entire game. When the ball is dead and
forward progress is close to the line-to-gain, the Referee will decide if the clock should
be stopped to signal a first down or ask for a measurement. If a measurement is needed,
the Linesman will go to the sideline, mark the front stake with the down box, and then
take the chain at the clip, and direct the chain crew to take the chains onto the field
toward the ball. The Line Judge will help the Linesman to align the chains on the field
for measurement. In the meantime, the Back Judge will hold the ball in place during the
measurement. The Umpire will take the front stake from the chain crewman and, after the
clip is spotted, stretch the chains so the Referee can rule if the ball is beyond or
behind the line to gain. If a first down is indicated, the Linesman will release the chain
crew to return to the sideline where he will give them a first down spot. If the
line-to-gain has not been reached, the Linesman will return to the sideline, re-spot the
clip, and make sure the chain is stretched to place the chain in its original position. |
X. PLAY ON OR INSIDE THE 10-YARD LINE
This area of the field is all important since most
scoring plays start from inside the ten yard line. Positions at the start of the play are
the same as other scrimmage plays except that the Back Judge is stationed on the end line.
For plays starting on or inside the defense’s ten yard line, the Back Judge is
responsible for the end line and the wing officials are responsible for the goal line and
their own sideline all the way to the end line. At the snap, the wing officials should
move immediately toward the goal line. The wing officials should be in advance of the ball
at all times and should be at the goal line before the ball crosses the goal line plane.
If the runner does not make the goal line, move back toward the line of scrimmage to get
the runner’s forward progress. If the wing officials cannot spot the ball through a
pile of players on a short goal line play, they should pinch in toward the middle from a
yard deep in the end zone. It is easier to "sell" a touchdown coming back toward
the goal from the end zone than going toward the goal from the one yard line. |
XI. CHANGE OF QUARTER PROCEDURES
When time expires for the first or third periods, the
Referee will hold the ball in one hand over his head to signal the official end of the
period after pausing for a moment to make sure that no foul,
obvious timing error, request for a coach-official conference or other irregularity has
occurred. In hot or inclement weather the change of quarters is recommended as a good time
to direct teams to their sidelines.
Once the period officially ends, the Referee, Umpire, and Back
Judge will meet at the ball and agree and record possession, next down to be played, and
the yard line where the ball is located. The Linesman will stay on his sideline and record
all of the above and also the yard line where the clip is located. The Line Judge will at
all times observe the teams, and help each team get turned around and located at the
correct yard line. The Back Judge will proceed to the sideline and confirm the information
with the Linesman and note the yard line where the clip is located. The Back Judge will
observe the chains being turned around and then go to the opposite end of the field and
make certain the clip is placed in the correct location.
In a 4-man crew, the Referee and the Umpire will stay
together, and the Line Judge will initially observe teams and direct them to their new
location, then assist the Linesman. The Linesman will note clip location, ball location,
next down to be played and will stand on the yard line where the clip is located so the
Referee and Umpire can note this information before the Referee signals for movement of
the chains.
After checking that all officials are in proper position and
that the clock has been reset, the Referee will mark the ball ready for play. This
procedure should take no more than one minute, and is timed by the Back Judge in a 5-man
crew and the Referee in a 4-man crew. |
XII. HALF TIME PROCEDURES
When time expires for the second period, the Referee
will hold the ball in one hand over his head to signal the official end of the period
after
pausing for a moment to make sure that no foul, obvious timing error, request for
a coach-official conference or other irregularity has occurred.
All officials will exit the field together and should neither
avoid nor seek out coaches during the exit from the field. The Back Judge (five man crew)
or the Referee (four man crew) will time the half time period and the time will start when
both teams have cleared the playing area. The field clock will not run during half time.
If there are any discussions between officials and coaches, the referee will be the
spokesman for the officiating crew.
Five minutes prior to the end of half time, the Line Judge and
the Back Judge or Linesman will each go to one of the participating teams to notify the
Head
Coach of the time remaining in the half time. These officials will remain with
their respective teams and make sure the teams return to the field in time for the
mandatory warm-up period. These officials will give the proper options to the teams and
get the choices from the Head Coaches concerning receiving, kicking or goal
to defend. |
XIII. OVERTIME PROCEDURES
The decision of whether to play an overtime should be
made and communicated to the Head Coaches prior to the start of the
game. If the game is a district contest or a state playoff contest, overtime periods must
be played until a winner is determined if the teams have identical scores at the end of
the 4th quarter. A choice to play or not to play overtime exists only when the
contest is a non-district game in the regular season. In these non-district games, both
Head Coaches must agree not to play an overtime if the game will be allowed
to end in a tie. If either team’s Head Coach wants to play overtime,
then overtime must be played until a winner is determined if the score is tied at the end
of the 4th quarter.
The overtime procedure to be used is the National Federation
of State High School Association’s 10-yard line overtime procedure specified in
THE
OFFICIAL FOOTBALL RULES BOOK. These procedures need not be reviewed during the
pregame conference, but should be reviewed when the officials assemble at the 50-yard line
during the intermission between the end of the 4th quarter and the overtime
coin toss. After this review, the Linesman will go to his side of the field and the Line
Judge will go to the opposite side of the field to inform the coaches of the field of the
number of timeouts each team has remaining. If requested by either coach, or to explain
unusual situations, The Referee may go to both head coaches, home team first. The
other officials will remain in the center of the field. Prior to the overtime coin toss,
the Linesman and Line Judge will escort their respective Team Captains to the center of
the field. Each of these officials will bring a game ball from their respective teams.
When the coin toss is completed, the Umpire will place the offensive team’s game ball
on the appropriate yard line to begin the overtime. |
XIV. MISCELLANEOUS BUT IMPORTANT ITEMS
 |
Forward Progress
|
IMPORTANT ! Give the runner/receiver every
inch he has gained. Never allow the defense to negate the runner/receiver’s progress
by spotting the ball back to where the offensive player has been pushed. Always be
alert as to the foremost point of the ball as the runner crosses the side line (i.e., give
him all he has gained).
|
Pinching In
|
This phrase describes moving toward a downed runner,
primarily by the Linesman and the Line Judge. Move toward the downed runner at right
angles (perpendicular to the side line), never at an oblique angle. If you are slightly
behind or ahead when the runner is tackled, reach the same yard line before going in
toward the play. Mark the foremost point of the ball with the up-field foot positioned
slightly forward. Hold this spot until the Umpire has spotted the ball or he has
acknowledged he has acquired your spot. If the dead ball spot is close enough to the
line-to-gain that a measurement might be necessary, the spotting official (not the
Umpire) should personally spot the ball at his own foot. When the Umpire accepts the spot
from the spotting official, he should mirror his action by planting his (Umpire’s)
up-field foot on the same yard line and, when he is given the ball, placing it directly
behind this foot. The ball will then be spotted accurately. It should be noted that almost
all forward progress spots will be taken from the wing men (Linesman or Line Judge). The
only time the Umpire’s spot will be acceptable is when the ball is dead at his feet
and
both wing men are COMPLETELY blocked out of the play. When
"pinching in", do not go in too deep and do not jump over players to reach the
spot. Go in until you feel pressure (players at your side). Normally it is much better to
mark the spot from 5 to 7 yards away than to almost reach the downed runner and be knocked
around by jostling and late arriving players. You cannot give accurate assistance in
spotting the ball if your are being pushed around or knocked down. If you go in too deep,
players can and will engage in action behind you and this should never be allowed to
happen.
|
Dead Ball Period
|
Prior to the snap or awaiting the kickoff, all
officials should be standing erect or be in a ready position "hands on knees).
Officials should NEVER slouch or get in the habit of "hands on
hips" while "leaning" on one foot. A professional appearance is given to
coaches, players and fans if one assumes the "parade rest" position. This
posture is highly recommended during time out periods. During time outs the wing officials
should be 10-12 yards from their respective huddles on the side line and be aware of
substitutions being made. The Umpire should be over the ball, facing the offense and the
Referee should be in the offensive backfield. If a 5-man crew is working, the Back Judge
should be 8-10 yards deep in the defensive backfield and is charged with timing the break
in action. In a 4-man crew, the Referee will be the timer.
|
Live Ball Period
|
During live ball action, keep in mind that each
official has a specific area of responsibility and never should all eyes
be on the ball. Be aware of the general location of the ball, but do not get in the habit
of "zeroing in" on the ball. If all officials are watching the ball carrier, all
other action will be missed and they are asking for trouble. When the ball carrier is
downed, get in the habit of seeing the ball, knowing it is the ball and knowing when the
ball is dead BEFORE BLOWING THE WHISTLE !
|
Bean Bag Use
|
All officials will have a bean bag. The
covering official will drop a bean bag to mark:
 |
1) any spot of first touching during a free or scrimmage kick |
|
2) any spot where a fumble occurs if the fumble is beyond the
neutral zone |
|
3) the spot where a backward pass is thrown if it is beyond the
neutral zone |
|
4) the spot of a catch or interception inside B’s 5 yard
line when the momentum rule applies |
|
5) the spot where any player intentionally goes out of bounds
during the play |
|
6) the spot where a Team A or Team K player goes out of bounds
prior to a change of team possession |
|
7) the spot where an ineligible receiver (by being covered up)
goes downfield as a reminder that he is ineligible |
|
8) progress when necessary |
|
9) any spot where there is doubt if a bean bag is needed - it
can always be picked up |
The covering official should drop a bean bag on the yard line
where any of the listed events occur. Do not run to the actual spot to drop the bag. The
remaining officials should not drop a bean bag to "back up" the spot since more
than one spot will probably be marked and this will only result in confusion and problems
for the officiating crew.
|
Fumble
|
The covering official will, after dropping
his bean bag to mark the spot of the fumble if the fumble occurs beyond the line of
scrimmage. No bean bag is needed if the fumble occurs behind the line of scrimmage before
team possession changes. Once the bag is dropped, the official will follow the ball until
possession is gained, regained or the ball becomes dead. If the play involves a scrambling
pile of players attempting to recover the loose ball, be sure to see the ball before
blowing the whistle. The first official on the scene should start digging for the ball in
the pile. The second official should stop the clock and help in unpiling players. The
remainder of the officiating crew should monitor for dead ball infractions and keep other
players from joining the pile.
|
Signals by Wing Officials
|
The Linesman and Line Judge should extend
an arm horizontally toward the offensive team to signify that the offensive player
nearest
him is off the line of scrimmage. This signal should be held at least as long enough to be
seen by all other officials.
The Linesman and Line Judge should extend his arm across
his chest to indicate more than three linemen on his side of the snapper. This signal
should be held until acknowledged by the other wing official.
The Linesman and Line Judge should assist an offensive
player who is split out from the rest of the team in order to help him locate the line of
scrimmage. If the offense is to the left of the wingman, he should extend his left foot to
indicate Team A’s line of scrimmage. If the offense is to the right, he should extend
his right foot. Do not tell the player to move. However, do tell the player "my foot
is on the line."
|
Penalty Administration
|
Calling Official After the ball
becomes dead, stop the clock and get the Referee’s attention by giving short blasts
of the whistle. Make sure another official is covering the spot of the foul and verbally
communicate all important information to the Referee. Do not give visible hand signals to
the Referee.
Referee Give the time out signal and
get the full information from the calling official. Give the preliminary signal to the
press box side of the field. Give the options to the offended Team’s Captain and get
his choice. If the choice is obvious, simply inform him what the result will be. Determine
the enforcement spot. After the penalty has been determined, and while the Umpire is
marking off the yardage and spotting the ball, the Referee should give a final signal
to the press box side of the field.
The Referee is responsible for informing all officials of any
player who commits an unsportsmanlike foul, and all officials will record the numbers of
such players.
Umpire Secure the ball, verify
enforcement spot and distance with the Referee and proceed to mark off the penalty. On a
properly marked field, do not step off the yardage except for the first and final yard.
Walk briskly using an arm signal to point to each yard line crossed. Umpire Secure the ball, verify
enforcement spot and distance with the Referee and proceed to mark off the penalty. On a
properly marked field, do not step off the yardage except for the first and final yard.
Walk briskly using an arm signal to point to each yard line crossed.
Linesman Be ready to move the
line-to-gain markers and be certain of the next down number. Check distance being marked
off to insure they are correct. Relay penalty information to the appropriate Coach as soon
as possible. Linesman Be ready to move the
line-to-gain markers and be certain of the next down number. Check distance being marked
off to insure they are correct. Relay penalty information to the appropriate Coach as soon
as possible.
Line Judge
Mark and hold the
enforcement spot. Relay penalty information to the appropriate Coach as soon as possible.
Line Judge Mark and hold the
enforcement spot. Relay penalty information to the appropriate Coach as soon as possible.
Back Judge Help in retrieving the
ball, holding the spot of the foul, and recovering the penalty marker. Assist in relaying
foul information to the appropriate sideline. Back Judge Help in retrieving the
ball, holding the spot of the foul, and recovering the penalty marker. Assist in relaying
foul information to the appropriate sideline.
All Officials
Make a mental note as to
whether the clock should be started on the ready or at the snap. Make sure the penalty has
been assessed properly in all respects. Communicate with other officials to make sure the
entire crew agrees on the upcoming down number. All Officials Make a mental note as to
whether the clock should be started on the ready or at the snap. Make sure the penalty has
been assessed properly in all respects. Communicate with other officials to make sure the
entire crew agrees on the upcoming down number.
|
Gender Reference
|
In this manual, the masculine should be understood to include
the feminine throughout. |
XV. END OF THE GAME
The
jurisdiction of the officials ends when the Referee declares the score final by holding
the ball over his head. Unless the score is tied and there will be overtime played,
there cannot be a dead ball foul following the end of regulation time. All officials will
immediately exit the field and the Clock Operator will rejoin the crew as soon as
possible. Do not discuss the game on the field with anyone. Do not make any public
statements about the game. The Referee should report any flagrant irregularity, player
disqualification or coach disqualification to the Assignment Secretary as soon as possible
following the game. |
XVI. CLOCK OPERATOR RESPONSIBILITIES
A. The Clock Operator’s job is very important and the
success or failure of an officiating crew sometimes depends on the reliability of the
Clock Operator. You will always report for your game in full uniform with whistle, flag,
etc., as every year we have had occasions where the Clock Operator had to replace a field
official. It is your responsibility to have a football stop watch or count down watch
should the field clock become inoperable. Participate in the pregame conference and ask
the Referee any questions you have. Do not stand around the field talking to a coach even
if he is a long time friend. About 20 minutes before the start of the game, locate the
clock. Just about all of the clocks in our state are operated in the press box, but
occasionally some are operated on the sideline. Familiarize yourself with the operation of
the clock as there are many different kinds. Be sure the clock is working properly. If you
have any problems, report to the Referee immediately.
B. The Clock Operator is to operate the clock only. Do not
operate the downs, score, quarter, yardage, etc. If anyone insists, including a Coach or a
Principal, politely but firmly refuse and refer them to the Assignment Secretary. Be in a
position to see the whole field and all the field officials. Never talk to the Announcer,
the Press or the Radio people concerning a play or a player or a coach. Do not discuss any
play that happened or any penalty enforcement. Never criticize a call made by a field
official.
C. At the beginning of the game the clock will start when the
kick is legally touched and the officials on the field give the winding signal. The clock
is then stopped when the covering official gives the stop signal.
D. The clock is then started on the snap. The clock will then
run until the officials on the field "kill" the clock for some reason such as an
incomplete pass or the runner goes out of bounds. After this action, the clock will be
started on the ensuing snap.
E. If a time-out is called, the officials on the field will
stop the clock. It will then be started on the snap. If a touchdown is scored, the clock
will be stopped when the covering official gives the touchdown signal. It will not start
until the ball is legally touched after the kickoff and the officials on the field give
the start the clock (winding) signal.
F. At the end of a quarter, the clock will stop when time
elapses, but if a play is in progress, it will go to completion. When the second and
fourth quarters begin, the clock will be started on the snap.
G. For the start of the second half, repeat the procedure for
beginning the game.
H. If a player is injured on the field, the covering official
will stop the clock. Watch the Referee for starting the clock. If he doesn’t give you
a signal, start the clock on the snap.
I. If the Referee stops the clock, when he shouldn’t
– you stop the clock. If the referee starts the clock when he shouldn’t –
you start the clock. If a mistake is made, he will be responsible.
J. During the half time period, the Clock Operator will not put
any time on the clock. The time will be kept on the field by Referee or the Back Judge.
K. If an overtime is to be played, the Clock Operator will turn
the clock off during this period and report to the sideline.
L. If at any time during the game the clock malfunctions, get
the attention of the field officials as soon as the ball becomes dead. Know how much time
was left on the clock when it malfunctioned. If necessary, get the P.A. announcer to get
the attention of the field officials.
M. The Clock Operator will then keep time on his auxiliary stop
watch. He will stay several feet off the sideline. When there are approximately four
minutes left in the half, notify the referee. The clock Operator will remove his whistle
and tuck his flag in his pocket and then take a position on the field about 10 yards
behind the Referee. Drift from sideline to sideline notifying both Coaches of time
remaining. Do not enter into any conference with the field officials unless instructed to
do so by the Referee.
N. Instead of the above mechanic during a game clock
malfunction, the referee may also choose to have the Clock Operator assume a position on
the field about 10 yards behind the referee until regulation time is over or the clock is
repaired. |
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